When was George Washington born?
George Washington was born February 22, 1732.
Where was George Washington born?
George Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia.
How old was George Washington when he became president?
George Washington became president on April 30, 1789 at 57.
What years was George Washington president?
George Washington was president from 1789-1797.
When did George Washington die?
George Washington died at the age of 67, on December 14, 1799.
How did George Washington die?
He died from what is believed to be acute bacterial epiglottitis or quinsy (a severe throat infection and abscess).
A Brief Biography of President George Washington
One of the most stirring quotes about our Founding Father and President George Washington comes from a eulogy written by a fellow Continental Army Veteran, Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee. It was Lee who remarked,
“First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”
And even today, over 200 hundred years and more than forty presidents later, the quote about George Washington remains true.
While the United States’ first president had significant power, he remained committed to republican ideals and resisted authoritarian rule. This is why President Washington remains one of the most respected United States presidents in American history.
Many monuments and places have been named in his honor, most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, DC.
Why Is George Washington So Popular?
So, what is the secret to George Washington’s enduring popularity among his countrymen? In short, the story of George Washington is, in many ways, still reflective of the country’s modern story.
Americans respect Washington because he, in turn, respected what would become American ideals, such as personal freedoms and self-governance through democratic institutions. Even more so, he maintains respect for holding military power and not using it for personal gain.
Washington is known for relinquishing his power and allowing the people to attempt to govern themselves successfully.
Early Life 1732-1752
On February 22nd, 1732, George Washington was born to Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The Washington family was moderately wealthy and owned land and enslaved people, but their financial situation was unstable at times.
George was the first of six children born to Augustine and Mary Ball, though he had three older half-siblings, including his admired half-brother, Lawrence Washington. George was given many privileges thanks to his station at birth and the connections his brother Lawrence Washington made, especially to the local Fairfax gentry through marriage.
However, things became much more difficult for the Washington family after the untimely death of the patriarch Augustine in 1743 from complications due to a chill he caught during a sudden downpour at just 48 years of age.
Washington’s Education
While his father’s death at age eleven would rob George of the ability to study abroad in England like his older sibling, he nonetheless was able to learn much through self-study and the Colonial instruction available to him.
He proved especially adept at mathematics, learning trigonometry, and was a skilled draftsman. These skills would serve him well when he was appointed a surveyor of sparsely populated Culpeper County in his native Virginia.
Though he only would serve as a surveyor for a year, Washington would later use his area knowledge to complete beneficial land deals for himself.
Early Military Career 1752-1758
The military career of George Washington can largely be seen as a result of his relationship with his older half-brother, Lawrence Washington.
Though George had shown an interest in the military from a young age, he could not enlist until much later in life than he may have wished. This is largely because George’s mother forbade him from joining the British Royal Navy after his father’s death.
Lawrence died in 1752 after a protracted battle against tuberculosis. George had accompanied his brother to the island of Barbados in hopes of combating the disease and had contracted smallpox himself. He would bear light facial scars for the rest of his life as a result.
When George returned to Virginia, he was inspired by Lawrence’s time as adjunct general to seek out a military commission of his own. Washington was soon commissioned as a major in the Virginia militia, where he oversaw training and defense in one of the colony’s four military districts.
Colonial Military Career 1752-1758 of George Washington
Washington’s earliest military exploits came as a major in the British Province of Virginia when he was dispatched as an emissary of the British Crown to meet with French and Native American officials over what was considered The Ohio Country.
The area was under multiple competing territorial claims from the governments of France and Great Britain along the Ohio River in present-day Pennsylvania. Complicating the matter was the presence of the Native Americans, including representatives from various tribes spread throughout the area, including the Iroquois Confederacy.
French and Indian War
Washington took his role of emissary during the engagement seriously. He soon found that the local Native American populations were equally skeptical of British plans for settlement in the area as they were of the French’s own plans.
After Washington’s attempts at diplomacy were rejected by the French, he returned to Virginia. Still, he was soon sent back to the territory in defense of the fledgling Ohio Company that the British hoped to use to establish their presence in the area.
Braddock Disaster 1755
The Braddock Disaster resulted from the largest incursion of British forces into the colonies up until that point. Washington was involved as a junior aide-de-camp to British General Edward Braddock, after whom the event is named, which ended in over 900 casualties for their side.
The large casualties resulted from the chaos that ensued after the British forces came under surprise attack from French and Native American forces. Despite suffering from illness during the campaign, Washington helped coordinate the retreat, though much of Braddock’s army fled in disarray after the ambush.
Commander in Chief 1775-1783
Thanks to Washington’s skills during his early days in the Virginia military, he was a prime candidate to lead the Continental Army. So, with that in mind and a hope that he would also influence Southern states to join the cause, Washington was picked to be the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
Early Struggles
The Continental Army was outmatched by the superior British forces and struggled mightily in the early parts of the Revolutionary War. However, General Washington noted that his troops were a rag-tag and undisciplined group and set about reforming them by increasing drilling and weeding out incompetent officers.
After early struggles, like the Siege of Boston and the Battle of Long Island, things gradually improved for Washington’s rebel force. After crossing the Delaware River from Pennsylvania into New Jersey, Washington’s troops defeated the British forces in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, respectively.
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The victories couldn’t have come at a more crucial time for Washington, as they provided a morale boost to his troops and the patriot cause as a whole when both were waning.
Eventual Success
If the British Army was considered the most advanced fighting force of its time, how was General George Washington able to defeat them?
His success in the American Revolutionary War can largely be attributed to strategic retreats, effective intelligence gathering, and the critical assistance of French military and naval forces..
Washington’s role in developing and executing a successful intelligence network led to him often being called “America’s First Spymaster” and was a major reason he could stay one step ahead of his British counterparts.
Of course, part of this advantage can be attributed to the Colonists’ previous knowledge of the land and British fighting habits.
But in contrast to British espionage, which was poorly done, the American endeavor consistently provided quality information to Washington and his generals while successfully misdirecting their opponents.
The help of French forces decisively shifted the advantage to the Colonial forces later in the American Revolution.
However, the biggest benefit allying with the French provided was supplementing Washington’s pitiful Colonial Navy. Without this assistance, the United States may never have overcome the clear naval advantage the British enjoyed.
Washington in Virginia: Career, Politics, Personal Life 1755-1775
Career
In his military service years, Washington was eager to return to his native Virginia and live his life as a private citizen. However, life would continuously see him called to return to public service.
Besides some local politicking, often supporting his friend’s political ambitions, Washington generally made his money on land speculation thanks to connections from his family and time in the military.
Political Stances
Washington was very active in politics during this time and was known for his anti-British Parliament stances. Washington often felt that taxes, such as the Townshend Acts or the Stamp Act of 1765, were repressive and draconian in nature and was a leading voice in protest against them.
George Washington’s Personal Life
At age 26, George Washington married Martha Custis, a wealthy widow of a former plantation owner. The pair were happily married until they parted by death, and Washington raised Martha’s children from a previous marriage. The family took up residence at Mt Vernon. Over the years, Washington enslaved more than 300 people, though at one point, 84 were directly owned by him.
Presidency 1789-1797
When Washington gave up command of his forces at the end of the American Revolutionary War, he did so with the full expectation of retiring from public life. However, we know this wasn’t to be, as he was quickly drafted into service by the fledgling nation he had guided to victory in the war as its first President.
Washington was elected President of the United States twice, winning the Electoral College unanimously both times. Most noted about this transition is how Washington willingly gave up power when he disbanded his forces instead of using his military power to gain political control, as many may have been tempted to do.
Domestic Policy
The vast majority of Washington’s time as President was spent successfully building a functioning federal-style government, a completely novel undertaking for his time.
While Washington couldn’t write legislation as President, his opinion often shaped the tone and tenor of the debate and greatly influenced the final form of the government.
Washington’s influence can be seen in the following examples:
- Washington filled the first Cabinet of the United States, setting a precedent for how the Executive Branch of government would function for years.
- Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton to the Treasury Department, ensuring the United States would have a strong federal banking system. Thomas Jefferson was Washington’s first Secretary of State, while John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the United States.
- As a part of Hamilton’s work at the Treasury Department, Washington is responsible for the First National Bank.
- Dealt with taxation issues that resulted from events such as the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791 and its forceful suppression by Federal mandate.
Foreign Policy
The world was highly skeptical of the “American Experiment”, and many nations thought the United States was doomed to fail. Against this backdrop, President Washington introduced his country to the world.
Despite headwinds and the chaos of the time, Washington made the following foreign policy contributions during his time as President:
- Washington declared America’s neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars, as he knew the new nation couldn’t afford to continue to fight with larger and more powerful nations.
- Secured a peace treaty with Great Britain that allowed for trade between the two nations and, briefly, led to peaceful relations between the two countries.
- Under Jay’s Treaty (1794), British forces agreed to vacate their forts in U.S. territory around the Great Lakes, but British traders continued to operate in the region.
- Implemented the policy of negotiating with Native Americans at a state-to-state level.
- Washington’s policies toward Native Americans were complex. While he advocated for fair treaties, he also supported westward expansion, which led to Native American displacement.
Post-Presidency 1797-1799
Even in choosing to peacefully give up the presidency and transfer power to John Adams, Washington set a powerful example and precedent for what the country would come to expect from its elected leaders.
When George Washington retired after his second term, he set the precedent of only holding office for two terms that held all the way until Franklin Roosevelt broke it by being elected four times.
However, Washington’s precedent is now codified in law as the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution, and a President can’t hold office for more than two terms.
George Washington’s Retirement at Mount Vernon
Upon retirement, George Washington eagerly returned to Mount Vernon to reunite with his beloved estate and relax with his wife, Martha. Washington looked forward to a more bucolic pace of life during retirement that a man of notoriety and stature could never fully attain.
Nevertheless, the couple spent their remaining years managing Mount Vernon, though Washington faced financial difficulties due to declining crop yields and unpaid debts.
George Washington died December 14th, 1799, at age 67, likely from acute bacterial epiglottitis or a severe throat infection (quinsy), which caused difficulty breathing and swallowing.
He was survived by Martha Washington, who died in 1802. Both are buried at their beloved Mt Vernon.
