12th Amendment of the Constitution
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;
—The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;
—The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. note 14 —The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
Why Was the 12th Amendment Needed?
George Washington disapproved of political parties. He was not alone in that stance, and those Founding Fathers who gathered for the 1787 Constitutional Convention were, in the main, of a similar mind.
Nevertheless, independence had been won, and the heady atmosphere was one of unity and purposefulness.
The electoral system they created introduced the Electoral College system of electing the President and Vice President. James Madison advocated for the Electoral College.
Electoral votes
The Electors represented the states. Every Elector had two votes and could vote for two candidates, with one being from outside the Elector’s state.
The candidate with over 50 percent of votes cast was elected President, while the candidate with the next most votes became Vice President.
This system was created to support the assumption that the nation’s most capable politicians would be elected. Moreover, they would be elected on individual merit and not because they belonged to a particular political party.
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The system worked well until the end of George Washington’s second term as President.
When the 12th Amendment Became Necessary
Washington’s Vice President, John Adams, stood as a presidential candidate in the 1796 election and was opposed by Thomas Jefferson.
John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice President. However, they held quite different views and failed to work well together.
In 1800, they stood against one another again, but each had running mates representing their parties this time. Aaron Burr was Jefferson’s running mate, and Charles C. Pinckney ran with Adams.
When the Electoral College met, things got messy, and it took the intervention of Alexander Hamilton to ensure that Jefferson was elected to the White House.
It took 36 separate Electoral College votes to achieve that result. The electoral vote, it was decided, had to change.
What Is the 12th Amendment?
The first major reform was to insist that each Elector in the Electoral College cast one of their votes for the President and the other for the Vice President.
The Electors could not cast both their votes for presidential candidates. In this way, there would no longer be a President and Vice President from different political parties. The idea of a ‘ticket’ was born.
Another reform was to forbid anyone ineligible to stand for President from standing for Vice President.
Tie or No Majority for President
The Twelfth Amendment confirmed the existing arrangements should there be a tie or no majority for one candidate.
The House of Representatives is tasked with choosing the President in this situation, and the Senate then chooses the Vice President.
12th Amendment Ensures a Winning Candidate
The 12th Amendment also provides a solution if the House of Representatives fails to elect a President under these terms.
Should this happen, then the Vice President will become acting President in the same way as they would if the President died or ceased to be President in some other way.
A Necessary Change
After the difficulties experienced during the 1800 election, it was imperative that a solution be found and adopted quickly.
The Twelfth Amendment changed a section of the United States Constitution and was passed by Congress in 1803. It was ratified by the states in 1804, just in time for that year’s election.
The 12th Amendment shows that even the Founding Fathers were willing to adapt to changing circumstances in American society.
Despite George Washington’s opposition to political parties, they were a fact of life by 1796. Making the necessary changes to the United States Constitution paved the way for smooth elections.
12th Amendment Timeline
The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of the States by the Eighth Congress, on December 9, 1803, in place of the original third paragraph of the first section of Article II.
It was ratified on June 15, 1804 and declared in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated September 25, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the 17 States.
The dates of ratification were:
North Carolina, December 21, 1803;
Maryland, December 24, 1803;
Kentucky, December 27, 1803;
Ohio, December 30, 1803;
Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804;
Vermont, January 30, 1804;
Virginia, February 3, 1804;
New York, February 10, 1804;
New Jersey, February 22, 1804;
Rhode Island, March 12, 1804;
South Carolina, May 15, 1804;
Georgia, May 19, 1804;
New Hampshire, June 15, 1804
Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804.
Tennessee, July 27, 1804, subsequently ratified the Amendment.
The Amendment was rejected by:
Delaware, January 18, 1804;
Massachusetts, February 3, 1804;
Connecticut, May 10, 1804.
