19th Amendment to the United States Constitution

Full Text of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

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Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

19th Amendment Rights for Women to Vote

The 19th Amendment, ratified on August 18, 1920, granted the right to vote to American women. The struggle for women’s suffrage had been long and hard, dating back to before the Civil War.

Thirty-six states were required to ratify the amendment for it to become law, and Tennessee was the last of the 36 to do so.

The Early Campaign for Votes for Women

In the early years of the new United States, most men accepted that women should be homemakers and mothers.

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Women did not need to concern themselves with politics, as American men thought themselves perfectly able to run the country.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, at the Seneca Falls Convention, the issue of women’s rights took its place on the national stage.

Central to the demands outlined at this Convention was the call for votes for women. Three hundred people attended the Convention, including a few men sympathetic to the cause.

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Women’s Rights groups were formed across the country after this Convention.

Further conferences were held, speeches made, and the demand for women’s suffrage became a matter that could not be ignored.

The Aftermath of the Civil War

The Civil War divided America, leaving misery and strife in its wake. Women campaigners turned their attention to war efforts in support of their respective sides.

Following the Civil War, the proposed 15th Amendment divided opinion among women’s rights activists.

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The 15th Amendment set out to enfranchise African American men. Some women’s rights campaigners wanted to press for women’s voting rights to be included in the 15th Amendment. Others thought the amendment might fall if that were proposed.

Once the 15th Amendment was passed without reference to voting rights for women and the Civil War ended, women campaigners, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony, picked up their banners again.

Two organizations were formed to push for female voting rights. These were the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).

Early Successes for Women’s Rights

One early success for women’s rights came in 1869, when Wyoming Territory gave female residents aged 21 and over the right to vote.

Despite an attempt to pass an amendment to the United States Constitution in 1886 that failed, Wyoming retained votes for women as part of its Constitution when it became a state in 1890. As a result, Wyoming is still known as the Equality State.

Before the turn of the 20th century, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado amended their Constitutions to grant women voting rights.

This led the new National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to adopt tactics meant to persuade individual states to introduce women’s suffrage. Sixteen more states did so before 1918.

The Final Push for the Vote

The aim of the women’s rights organisations was to get the amendment passed that would guarantee votes for women on a national level.

Marches were held, more speeches were made, and a massive parade took place in Washington, D.C., the day before President Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration.

President Wilson initially opposed votes for women, but after World War I, he changed his mind due to the role women had played in securing victory over Germany.

After an unsuccessful attempt in 1918, the 19th Amendment finally passed through Congress in 1919. It depended on ratification by 36 states for the amendment to become a part of the Constitution.

The Southern States and Women’s Right To Vote

Most Southern States were opposed to women having the vote, and by the summer of 1920, with 35 states having ratified the amendment, it was up to Tennessee whether it would pass.

The southern states that objected looked to Tennessee to stop the amendment. The legislature tied at 48 for and 48 against.

A young Representative named Harry T Burn was the last to vote. It is rumored that he obeyed his mother and voted in favor of the amendment!

The amendment was certified by the US Secretary of State on August 26, 1920, and women across the United States were able to vote.

Ratification of the 19th Amendment

The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress on June 4, 1919. It was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State dated August 26, 1920, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States.

Dates of Ratification

1919

• Illinois – June 10, 1919 (readopted June 17, 1919)
• Michigan – June 10, 1919
• Wisconsin – June 10, 1919
• Kansas – June 16, 1919
• New York – June 16, 1919
• Ohio – June 16, 1919
• Pennsylvania – June 24, 1919
• Massachusetts – June 25, 1919
• Texas – June 28, 1919
• Iowa – July 2, 1919
• Missouri – July 3, 1919
• Arkansas – July 28, 1919
• Montana – August 2, 1919
• Nebraska – August 2, 1919
• Minnesota – September 8, 1919
• New Hampshire – September 10, 1919
• Utah – October 2, 1919
• California – November 1, 1919
• Maine – November 5, 1919
• North Dakota – December 1, 1919
• South Dakota – December 4, 1919
• Colorado – December 15, 1919

1920

• Kentucky – January 6, 1920
• Rhode Island – January 6, 1920
• Oregon – January 13, 1920
• Indiana – January 16, 1920
• Wyoming – January 27, 1920
• Nevada – February 7, 1920
• New Jersey – February 9, 1920
• Idaho – February 11, 1920
• Arizona – February 12, 1920
• New Mexico – February 21, 1920
• Oklahoma – February 28, 1920
• West Virginia – March 10, 1920
• Washington – March 22, 1920
• Tennessee – August 18, 1920

Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920.

Subsequent Ratifications

• Connecticut – September 14, 1920 (reaffirmed September 21, 1920)
• Vermont – February 8, 1921
• Delaware – March 6, 1923 (after rejecting June 2, 1920)
• Maryland – March 29, 1941 (after rejecting February 24, 1920; certified February 25, 1958)
• Virginia – February 21, 1952 (after rejecting February 12, 1920)
• Alabama – September 8, 1953 (after rejecting September 22, 1919)
• Florida – May 13, 1969
• South Carolina – July 1, 1969 (after rejecting January 28, 1920; certified August 22, 1973)
• Georgia – February 20, 1970 (after rejecting July 24, 1919)
• Louisiana – June 11, 1970 (after rejecting July 1, 1920)
• North Carolina – May 6, 1971
• Mississippi – March 22, 1984 (after rejecting March 29, 1920)

The Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote, was officially ratified on August 18, 1920. Over the following decades, additional states that had initially rejected it later ratified it, with Mississippi being the last to do so in 1984.

Important Resources for the 19th Amendment:

1. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/19th-amendment
   The National Archives provides authoritative documentation on the 19th Amendment, including the original text, historical context, and ratification details.
2. https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/women-of-protest/images/detchron.pdf
   The Library of Congress provides a detailed timeline of the women’s suffrage movement, including the Seneca Falls Convention and the eventual ratification of the 19th Amendment.

Related Supreme Court Cases to the Nineteenth Amendment